工程造價畢業(yè)論文外文文獻-免費閱讀

　　

【正文】 此外,許多屋頂漏水,近年來由于錯誤的防雨板，而不是屋面薄膜或涂層、本身。為了控制成本,避免了使用加州大學歐文分校的力矩抵抗結(jié)構(gòu)。然而,抗震性能的加州大學的建筑因為這個政策于1975年生效以來,似乎證實評議的價值“地震審查政策。盡管一些職位占用費用可能需要“微調(diào)”一個實驗室,一個π的需求,建設基礎設施元素——通常超過大小的百分之二十,包括暖通空調(diào)供應管道、排氣系統(tǒng)能力,應急發(fā)電機容量和電動冒口和服務能力——很少限制能力來滿足需求修改實驗室研究員。這種方法通常使辦公室有可操作的窗戶。這不僅僅是一個微妙的設計哲學,隨著成本的影響是很大的。建筑組織和集結(jié)施工成本管理始于基礎的建設組織和集結(jié)。加州大學歐文分校的材料標準,構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)的標準,可持續(xù)性和能源效率標準,和網(wǎng)站的改進所有添加成本增量,只能通過積極的成本管理提供。自1992年以來,新建筑被設計為達到這些五大目標:新建筑必須“創(chuàng)建一個地方”,而不是構(gòu)成獨立的結(jié)構(gòu),形成社會、審美、文本關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系與周邊建筑和更大的校園。因此,評估建筑成本是否適當:首先,確定質(zhì)量標準是否過高,不夠,或適當?shù)摹?and general administrative support.Consolidating these functions into a separate structure provides considerable cost savings: lowercost HVAC (heating/ventilation/airconditioning) system, wider column spacing, lower floor stiffness (less stringent vibration criterion), lower floorloading,fewer firecontrol features and other code requirements, steelframed or steel/concrete hybrid structural system with concrete flatslab flooring system, smaller footings, and(typically) curtain wall fenestration. This approach usually enables offices to have operable windows.This twobuilding approach can be seen clearly at Gillespie Neurosciences Building, the Sprague Building, Hewitt Hall, and the UCI Medical Center Health Sciences Laboratory,where consolidating and separating nonlaboratory functions saved 710 percent in overall construction costs and 15 percent/year in energy expense. (The nonlaboratory building incurs a small fraction of the energy expense of the laboratory block.)A set of design strategies, applied in bination, has proven effective in controlling the cost of laboratories:? Utilizing a consistent lab module? Utilizing a reasonable vibration criterion and locating ultrasensitive conditions atgrade or employing benchtop vibration isolation? Using 22 ft. X 22 ft. columnspacing? Concentrating fume hoods and utility risers into a central “wet zone,” thuslimiting horizontal mechanical distribution? Concentrating laboratory support areas into the central core of a laboratorystructure, where utilities are available but daylight is not needed, thus enablinglab structures to be 110132 feet wide? Utilizing dualusage circulation/equipment crosscorridors through this central lab support zone, with sufficient width (typically 11 feet) to line the corridors with shared equipment while providing crosscirculation through the lab support zone? Utilizing open laboratory layout with one or more “ghost” corridors for intra lab circulation? And, most importantly, concentrating nonlaboratory functions into an adjoining, lowercost structure (as discussed in detail above).To further control laboratory construction costs, nonstandard fume hood sizes are minimized, “generic” lab casework is specified, laboratorygrade movable tables substitute for fixed casework in some lab bays, building DI systems provide intermediate water quality (with localized water purity polishing in the lab, rather than buildingwide),facilitywide piped services do not include gases that can be costeffectively provided locally via canist