金融學外文翻譯word版-免費閱讀

　　

【正文】 這些偏差很自然地作為解釋社會規范（參與者期望和覺得有義務去做的事）和社會偏好（參與者在其他參與者獲得更多或更少錢時的感覺）的證據。事實上，人類學家在現場組織實驗相比西方國家通常（但并不總是）使用的大學生作為實驗對象做實驗室研究可能實際上有兩個很大優點。在一個重復博弈中，例如，參與者由于難以推廣而拒絕提供付出來建立良好的聲譽，這導致他在未來更多的付出。研究著注意力集中在平衡，因為參與者被給予其他參與者已經做出的決策信息后會不斷切換做出更好的決策，通常會結束在一個平衡。策略可能是基因編碼的本能，在拍賣網站競標的啟發式算法，為新產品開發企業的例程，在復雜的大規模侵權案件的法律策略，或戰時作戰計劃。然后，我們介紹一系列在研究社會偏好中被證明是有用的的七個博弈。這就是為什么社會偏好的本質的考察通常是非常重要的人類學和社會科學。這表明，除了自我感興趣的行為，人們有時表現得好像他們有利他偏好，并追求平等和互惠。 and by making precise predictions about how selfinterested players will actually play. Behavior in experiments which carefully control players’ strategies, information, and possible payoffs shows that actual choices often deviate systematically from the gametheoretic prediction based on selfinterest. These deviations are naturally interpreted as evidence of social norms (what players expect and feel obliged to do) and social preferences (how players feel when others earn more or less money). This evidence is now being used actively by economists to craft a parsimonious theory of social preferences which can be used to explain data from many different games in a simple way that makes fresh predictions. Since anthropologists are often interested in how social norms and preferences emerge, evolve, and vary across cultures, these games could provide a powerful tool for doing empirical anthropology. In addition to measuring social preferences and social norms experimental games may also be used for measuring moral authority, players beliefs about other players’ actions in coordination games, cultural homogeneity and status effects in bargaining. 中文翻譯測量社會規范和偏好使用的博弈實驗：對社會科學家的指導Colin F. Camerer and Ernst Fehr本章的目的是描述一個能有效測量社會規范和社會偏好的博弈。 likely actions. The second enterprise dominates game theory textbooks and journals. Analytical theory of this sort is extremely mathematical, and inaccessible to many social scientists outside of economics and theoretical biology. Fortunately, games can be used as a taxonomy with minimal mathematics because understanding prototypical games— like those discussed in this chapter— requires nothing beyond simple logic.The most central concept in game theory is Nash equilibrium. A set of strategies (one for each player) form an equilibrium if each player is choosing the strategy which is a best response (., gives the highest expected utility) to the other players’ strategies. Attention is focussed on equilibrium because players who are constantly switching to better strategies, given what others have done, will generally end up at an equilibrium. Increasingly, game theorists are interested in the dynamics of equilibration as well, in the form of evolution of populations of player strategies (Weibull, 1995)。在某些情況下，許多人愿意花費資源減少別人的回報。利他主義，在這里的定義，意味著一個參與者采取代價高昂的行動來增加另一個參與者的回報而不管其他參與者的歷史行為。正如我們將看到的一些簡單的實驗，來讓研究人員找出是否有食品共享的規范，和對那些不分享的人懲罰。博弈是每個參與者的決策的集，在參與者選擇決策時有精確的規則，他們選擇時擁有的信息，和他們如何估計由此產生的結果的期望（效用）。幸運的是，由于了解典型的博弈——像那些在本章討論的——沒有超出簡單的邏輯的要求，可以使博弈被用作一種最小的數學分類。一種觀點是在適應環境的進化中（