商業建筑外文翻譯-建筑結構(完整版)

　　

【正文】 . It covers load characteristics。 electric space conditioning。 and must cooperate with the safety engineer, fire protection engineer, perhaps the environmental enginner, and a host of other concerned people, such as space planners and interior decorators, all of whom have a say in the ultimate design. The electrical designer must bee familiar with local rules and know the authorities having jurisdiction over the design and construction. It can be inconvenient and embarrassing to have an electrical project held up at the last moment because proper permits have not been obtained, for example, a permit for a street closing to allow installation of utilities to the site or an environmental permit for an onsite generator. Local contractors are usually familiar with local ordinances and union work rules and can be of great help in avoiding pitfalls. In performing electrical design, it is essential, at the outset, to prepare a checklist of all the design stages that have to be considered. Major items include temporary power, access to the site, and review by others. Certain electrical work may appear in nonelectrical sections of the specifications. For example, the furnishing and connecting of electric motors and motor controllers may be covered in the mechanical section of the specifications. For administrative control purposes, the electrical work may be divided into a number of contracts, some of which may be under the control of a general contractor and some of which may be awarded to electrical contractors. Among items with which the designer will be concerned are: preliminary cost estimates, final cost estimates, plans or drawings, technical specifications (which are the written presentation of the work), materials, manuals, factory inspections, laboratory tests, and temporary power. The designer may also be involved in providing information on electrical considerations that affect financial justification of the project in terms of owning and operating costs, amortization, return on investment, and related items. Many electrical designs follow the concept of petitiveness in the mercial sense. Here, cost is a primary consideration, and such designs tend toward minimum code requirements. There is great pressure on the designer to consider cost above maintainability and long life. However, the experienced designer can usually adopt effective promises. Flexibility Flexibility of the electric system means the adaptability to development and expansion as well as to changes to meet varied requirements during the life of the building. Often a designer is faced 4 with providing utilities where the loads may be unknown. For example, many office buildings are constructed with the tenant space designs inplete. In some cases, the designer will provide only the core utilities available for connection by others to serve the working areas. In other cases, the designer may lay out only the basic systems and, as tenant requirements are developed, fill in the details. Often the tenant provides all of his or her own working space designs. Because it is usually difficult and