四級閱讀完型英語詞匯閱讀練習附答案部分附講解及翻譯(完整版)

　　

【正文】 n theoute and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism cancreate B)high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout. 全文翻譯：體育運動不僅是對體力的挑戰(zhàn)，而且是對心理的挑戰(zhàn)。教練和父母始終都應(yīng)該清楚一點，他們給年輕人的反饋信息會極大地影響他們。相反，批評只會產(chǎn)生高度壓力從而導(dǎo)致人 們放棄某種活動。選項中有 definitely 和 especially，從句意來理解，這 ......違背了古老的奧林匹克 精神，將 definitely“顯然地 ”帶入原文，符合原文的意思；而 especially“特別地 ”表示強調(diào)，而此處表示的則是通過比較后得出結(jié)果，故排除 especially。 ” H cme to power 是固定搭配，意為 “（開始）掌權(quán)，上臺 ”。盡管整個比賽是非正式的，而且標準也不高，但奧運會作為業(yè)余體育運動的古老傳統(tǒng)卻被保持下來了。于是奧林匹克圣火第一次以接力方式 現(xiàn)在需要好幾個月才能完成的一段馬拉松路程 從奧林匹亞一直傳送到舉辦地點。毫無疑問，這與古老的奧林匹克精神是背道而馳的，因為在那是，戰(zhàn)爭必須停下來為比賽讓路。可選項有 acplish,arrive 和end,arrive 一般指 “到達（某地） ”， end 強調(diào)的是 “（使某事）結(jié)束 ”，因此都不能與 journey 搭配，故排除 arrive 和 end 而選 acplish“完成 ”。 D 此處應(yīng)填形容詞。可選項有 had, occurred和 happened,首先空格所在的 who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾的 是 tourists“游客 ”， happened to be in Greece“碰巧在希臘 ”是符合這樣的語境的，而 had to “不得不 ”和 occur to 表示 “想起，想到 ”都不能使句意通順。教練和父母還因該謹慎一點，即參與體育運動并不會成為孩子們的工作。壓力可以是身體上的，情感上的，或者是心理上的。其中 it 指代的是 Stress，因此可推出文章的最后一句與此句的照應(yīng)。根據(jù)worrying 和 instead of 可推出，此處應(yīng)填與 worrying 意思相反的詞，因此，選項中只有 enjoying 符合題意。可選項有 settle 和cooperate，而 settle with sb. 意為 “同某人解決（法律上的爭端） ,顯然不符合題意，因此選 cooperate“合作 ”。老師注意到了這些問題并沒有錯，但是如果他把重點放在關(guān)注孩子的思想上，只表示出他對孩子的拼寫錯誤有點失望，就會給學生更大的動力去進一步提 高。 導(dǎo)讀： There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in school I have taught in has everI)ignored spelling or considered it unimportant （ Noschool…ever…considered it unimportant… 其中 I have taught in 作定語修飾 school“我教書的學校 ” ， “ it ” 指代的即為 spelling ， 可以看出作者要說的是學校沒有忽視 spelling ） as a basic skill. There are, however （ 句意 轉(zhuǎn)折說明問題不在于學校是否重視拼寫而是 how to teach it… ） , vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how muchA)priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problemis, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and M)confidently in writing with outholding him back with the plexities of spelling?If spelling bee the only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a N)bright childwill be likely to “play safe”( 這里的關(guān)鍵是理解 “ play safe” 的意思，從后句 “只寫他會寫的單詞 ”可以看出他是怕拼錯，故 play safe 即為 “為了保險 ” ) . He will tend to write onlywords within his spelling range, choosing to avoid E)adventurous language. That’s whyteachers often K)encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content ratherthan technical ability （ ＝ spelling ability ） .I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personalexperience ： “ This work( 根據(jù)后面一句的解釋，可知 this work 指的是 your writing 故第 7 題填的詞應(yīng)和 illegible 感情色彩保持一致 ) is H)terrible !There are far too many spellingerrors and your writing is illegible( 難以辨認的 ).” It may have been a sharPB) criticismof the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection （ 表明了作者不贊同的態(tài)度，他看到的是文章中包含的好的表達，并且說明只有這樣才能激勵學生不斷進步 ） on theteacher who had omitted to read the essay, which C)contained some beautiful expressions ofthe child’s deePfeelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if hispriorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentationwould have given the pupil more G)motivation to seek improvement. 全文翻譯：家長們普遍認為中學現(xiàn)在已不再關(guān)注單詞的正確拼寫了。 8. 選 B ）。 由前一句中的 be likely to “ play safe ”和空格前的 avoid可以推知，此處所填詞的意思應(yīng)與 play safe 表達的意思相反，故選項中只有adventurous 符合題意。 由該句中的 has 可知，此處應(yīng)填動詞過去式，且表達的含義應(yīng)和后面的 consider…unimportant 相近，故應(yīng)排除 contained 和 expressed 而選擇 ignored 。 篇章詞匯題型的特點 篇章詞匯 （ Banked Cloze ）考一篇長度為 220 個單詞左右的文章，在文章當中去除了 10 個單詞，后面由 15 個單詞選項，要求考生選擇正確的單詞填入文章。如果我們做出的猜測正確，對文章的提問會繼續(xù)在無意識中進行。選項中有 developed “提高，加強 ”和 pared “比較 ”能與 ability 構(gòu)成動賓搭配，但從句意理解，通常高級讀者與文章進行 “程序?qū)υ?”的能力 …… ，故只有 developed 符合題意。但由 The former 和 the words on he page 可推出前一種人是從文中的字詞去理解文章，而字詞只能是被寫在文中，因此只有 written 符合題意。問題 “，但 higher 一般強調(diào)的是層次上的高低，因此不能用來修飾 question ，故只有 further “更進一步的 ”符合題意。研究各種精神生活方面的認知派研究專家卻認為：由于獎勵助長了人們期望得到別人認同的心理和對物質(zhì)獎勵的依賴心理，往往會破壞創(chuàng)造力。可選項有 avoid 和 restore ，但由 tighten 可推出，既然是使平分標準 嚴格，那么就會有高分和低分，也會有不及格，故只有 restore “恢復(fù) ”符合題意。由 But 轉(zhuǎn)折可知，此舉表明的觀點與前者即行為學家所持的觀點一致，原文為 “適當?shù)亟o予獎勵刺激確實 …… 創(chuàng)造力 ”，選項中只有 aid “有助于（刺激） ”符合題意。（一） Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 認識派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激 ) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. “If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades. In early grades, the use of socalled token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performancebased points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity,