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機(jī)械零件的強(qiáng)度--機(jī)械英漢翻譯(完整版)

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【正文】 ical and chemical change takes place between the iron and carbon．The critical point，or critical temperature，is the point at which the steel has the most desirable characteristics．When steel reaches this temperature，somewhere between 1400 and 1600．the change is ideal to make for a hard，strong material if it is cooled quickly．If the metal cools slowly，it changes back to its original state．By plunging the hot metal into water，oil，or brine (quenching)，the desirable characteristics are retained．The metal is very hard and strong and less ductile than before．Steel that has been hardened by rapid quenching is brittle and not suitable for most uses．By tempering or“drawing”．the hardness and brittleness may be reduced to the desired point for service conditions．As these properties are reduced，there is also a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in the ductility and toughness of the steel．The operation consists of the reheating of quenchhardened steel to some temperature below the critical range，followed by any rate of cooling．Although this process softens steel，it differs considerably from annealing in that the process lends itself to close control of the physical properties and in most cases does not soften the steel to the extent that annealing would．The final structure obtained from tempering fully hardened steel is called tempered martensite．Tempering is possible because of the instability of the martensite，the principal constituent of hardened steel．Low temperature draws，from 300 to 400 (150 to 205)，do not caused much decrease in hardness and are used principally to relieve internal strains．As the tempering temperatures are increased．the breakdown of the martensite takes place at a faster rate，and at about 600 (315)the change to a structure called tempered martensite is very rapid．The tempering operation may be described as one of precipitation and agglomeration，or coalescence of cementite．A substantial precipitation of cementite is at 600 (315)，which produces a decrease in hardness．Increasing the temperature causes coalescence of the carbides，with continued decrease in hardness．The primary purpose of annealing is to soften hard steel so that it may be machined or coldworked．This is usually acplished by heating the steel to slightly above the critical temperature to form austenite，holding it there until the temperature of the piece is uniform throughout，and then cooling at a slowly controlled rate so that the temperature of the surface and that of the center of the piece are approximately the same．This process is known as full annealing because it wipes out all trace of previous structure，refines the crystalline structure，and softens the metal．Annealing also relieves internal stresses previously set up in the metal．When hardened steel is reheated to above the critical range，the constituents are changed back into austenite，and slow cooling then provides ample time for plete tra

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