consonants-and-their-change(專業版)

　　

【正文】 Consonants and their Change 1. Voiced or voiceless? ? Chomscky amp。 Halle: 在以 sume, serve, sist, sign等詞干組合的單詞中，如果前綴以輔音結尾，/s/就發成清音 /s/；如果前綴以元音結尾， /s/就發成濁音 /z/。試比較： ? voiceless voiced ? consume resume deserve ? conserve preserve resist ? consist reside resident ? consign resign design ? insist music rosary miser ? persist usual resolute ? voiceless voiced ? extend expel examine, ? exclude excite exalt, ? exceed exist, ? contend pel auxiliary, ? conclude concede exasperate ? incite issue ? Exceptions: basic / isolate ? /s/ is voiceless in poststress position: ? axis /??ks?s/ , maxillary/ ?m?ks?l?r?/ (上腭骨 )； ? Also: absorb /?b?s??b/ absurd /?b?s??d/ ? obscure /?b?skj??/ obsess /?b?ses/ ? But: observe /?b?z??v/ absolve /?b?s?lv/ /?b?z?lv/ 2. Allophonic variations (1) Aspirated release in initial word and stressed position: ? [ ph ] peak, pole ? [ ?h ] top, take ? [ kh ] cap, kick, keep (2) Unreleased in word final position: ? [ pˉ] top ten, stop them ? [ dˉ] sad, mad, god ? [ kˉ] make, duck ? [ bˉ] Bob, rob ? [ tˉ ] coat, cat, ? [ gˉ] bag, log, dug (3) Unaspirated release in cluster , esp. after /s/: ? [ p?] spot, speed, spring, sprout ? [ t? ] s