antonymy-and-hyponymy(留存版)

　　

【正文】 terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. Examples: ? hot warm cool cold 中點 ? good bad: ? excellentgoodbadterrible ? wet dry: ? wetmoistdampishdry ? Features of contrary antonyms: ? 1)The two opposites are gradable and one exists in parison with the other. ? . ? rich/poor ? A man is rich or very rich。 one man is richer than the other. ? big/small ? Sue?s house is big and Mary?s house is small。 Sue?s house is bigger than Mary?s. This shows semantic relativity. Sue?s house is relatively big, pared with Mary?s house. Mary?s house may be relatively big now than before, considering the fact that there are fewer people living with her. This is obviously subjective and depends on the speaker?s attitude. ? 2) Contrary antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can acmodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other as shown below: . ? huge/very big/big/quite big/mediumsized/quite small/ small/ tiny ? old, middleaged, young ? hot, warm, cool, cold ? hot, warm, cool, cold ? rich, welltodo, poor ? beautiful, goodlooking, plain, ugly ? beautiful, goodlooking, plain, ugly ? 3) Apart from adjectives, there are verbs like love/hate, and in between we can add attachment, liking, indifference, antipathy, etc. ? c) Relational opposites. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. ? . parent— child ? husband— wife ? predecessor— successor ? employer— employee ? This type also includes reverse terms, which prise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality, or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse the quality, action or state of the other. ? Take sell/buy for example. ? If A sells something to B, then B buys it from A. If B buys something from A, then A sells it to B. It is clear that the two words of the pair are interdependent. ? lend: borrow（借出：借入） ? give： receive（給：拿） ? above： below ? d) semantic inpatible ? North, south, east, west ? Spring, summer, autumn, winter ? Sunday, Monday… ? January, February,…