ca6140車床的數控機械外文翻譯-數控設計(已修改)

　

【正文】 1 The machinability of material The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: (1). Surface finish and integrity of the machined part。 (2). Tool life obtained。 (3). Force and power requirements。 (4). Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by being entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the plex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 1. Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials , their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain socalled freemachining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (secondphase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small。 this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with builtup edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability. 2 Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In nonresulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant and is smeared over the toolchip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the toolside face of chips when machining leaded steels. When the temperature is sufficiently highfor instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds —the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, si