熱能與動力工程專業畢業論文外文文獻及翻譯-wenkub

　

【正文】 aluation we used the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). This represents the rate of return required by a corporation on its new assets to maintain a firm value, and is 外文文獻 及譯文 13 prised of the rate of return required by both equity holders and debt holders. It is calculated by the following equation: where Re is the cost of equity, Rd is the cost of debt, Tc is the corporate tax rate, E is the equity amount, D is the debt amount and V is the total investment. . Capital cost allowance (CCA) Capital cost allowances for power generation equipment fall under CCA class 47 of Revenue Canada with a depreciation rate of 8%. Since biomass cofiring is not currently employed in Canada, equipment use for a cofiring operation is not specifically described under Canadian Ine Tax Act. From the foregoing description of cofiring technologies it would appear that direct cofiring option requires capital investment primarily for new fuel processing and handling equipment as it uses existing boiler and electrical generating equipment at the power plant. The CCA class 8 definition, which applies to processing machinery and material handling and storage equipment, better reflects the type of equipment used. The CCA class 8 has a 20% rate. For the other two cofiring options (indirect cofiring and gasifier cofiring), for capital cost amortization, the Revenue Canada guideline of allowing half the rate in the first year was used. . Internal rate of return 外文文獻 及譯文 14 Internal rate of return (IRR) for this new investment is the discount rate that would make the present value (NPV) of the investment’s ine stream total to zero. It is an indicator of the efficiency or quality of an investment, as opposed to present value (NPV), which indicates value or magnitude. The present analysis is based on IRR. 6. Results . Fuel consumption The biomass consumption differs for each cofiring option due to the different efficiencies of the cofiring systems. The fuel required for direct cofiring is the lowest and represents the base amount of biomass required to provide 10% of the heat energy in the furnace of the PC boiler. The fuel requirement for the external CFB boiler is the highest of the three and was calculated based on the given turbine efficiency of 88% as well as the calculated efficiency of CFB boiler. This efficiency was found to be % and was based on the calculated losses from the boiler. Table 4 presents the breakdown of energy losses in the external CFB boiler. The biomass consumption rates and costs of the three cofiring options are given in Table 5. 外文文獻 及譯文 15 . Emission credits ine For the economic analysis, the main source of ine for the three cofiring options is the emissions credits earned through the reduction in coal usage. The yearly offset of coal, subsequent reductions in emissions and emission credit ine are presented in Table 6. IRR estimates for the three cofiring options are given in Table 7. The analysis indicates that direct cofiring can offer an internal rate of return of more than twice that of indirect cofiring. Direct cofiring however suffers from the largest uncertainty about fouling and corrosion of its superheater tubes, and resulting breakdown of the plant while handling biomass. This loss, conservatively estimated at 1%, could have signif。M costs due to direct cofiring were estimated at $ 外文文獻 及譯文 10 Analysis of the external cofiring option required a preliminary design of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler. The required thermal input for the steam generated by the biomass boiler was determined using a turbine efficiency of 88%. A thermal design of the boiler was done using CFBCAD in order to calculate the efficiency of the CFB boiler and used in conjunction with the turbine efficiency to calculate the required biomass fuel flow rate. The capital costs of the external cofiring were determined using a detailed cost assessment. This included the estimated costs of engineering design work, project management, boiler fabrication, civil footing, secondary ponents, controls and instrumentation, and erection and missioning. This cost estimate was based on previous work done by Greenfield Research Inc. on the feasibility of a subpact, biomassfired CFB boiler for placement within an existing PCfired plant. The capital cost of the CFB boiler worked out to $139/kWth. The Oamp。 An option towards meeting a renewable energy portfolio: Cofiring offers a fast track, lowcost opportunity to add renewable energy capacity economically as it can be added to any coalfired plant immediately, with minimum investment. 本科畢業 論文 外文文獻 及 譯文 文獻、資料題目： Renewable Energy 文獻、資料來源： 期刊（著作、網絡 等） 文獻、資料發表（出版）日期： 院 （部）： 熱能 工程學院 專 業： 熱能與動力工程 外文文獻 及譯文 1 外文文獻 ： Biomass cofiring options on the emission reduction and electricity generation costs in coalfired power plants Abstract Cofiring offers a nearterm solution for reducing CO2 emissions from conventional fossil fuel power plants. Viable alternatives to longterm CO2 reduction technologies such as CO2 sequestration, oxyfiring and carbon loop bustion are being discussed, but all of them remain in the early to mid stages of development. Cofiring, on the other hand, is a wellproven technology and is in regular use though does not eliminate CO2 emissions entirely. An incremental gain in CO2 reduction can be achieved by immediate implementation of biomass cofiring in nearly all coalfired power plants with minimum modifications and moderate investment, making cofiring a nearterm solution for the greenhouse gas emission problem. If a majority of coalfired boilers operating around the world adopt cofiring systems, the total reduction in CO2 emissions would be sub