微觀經濟學第7章成本分析(文件)

　

【正文】 22 12元 邊際成本＜平均成本 ,平均成本曲線隨著產量增加而向下。 30 用途 1 用途 2 用途 N …… 用途 3 總資源 等邊際原理的解釋 31 用途 1 用途 2 用途 N …… 用途 3 總資源 追加 10萬元 +利潤 5萬元 追加 10萬元 +利潤 8萬元 － 元＋ 8萬元＝ 3萬元 移動 10萬元 邊際生產力遞減定律 減少 萬元利潤 元減少 萬元利潤 元 32 等邊際原理 $1 $1ABABM P M PPP? ? ? ? ?This gives you the marginal product per dollar of output. 33 最小成本規則 To a given output: Marginal product of input A Price of input A = Marginal product of input B Price of input B = …… 替代規則 ? If the price of one factor falls while all other factor prices remain the same, firms will profit by substituting the nowcheaper factor for all the other factors. 34 MP of Labor Price of Labor = MP of Capital Price of Capital 要素的收入 短期成本與長期成本的關系 成本 產量 長期平均成本 1 畝地 2 畝地 4 畝地 3 畝地 1 畝 地更有利 2 畝地更有利 3 畝地更有利 4 畝地更有利 35 規模經濟與規模不經濟 成本 產量 長期平均成本 規模經濟 產量 增加使得產品平均成本 降低 規模 不經濟 產量 增加使得產品平均成本 增大 36 經濟成本和企業會計 38 經濟成本和會計成本 ? 經濟成本 （ economic cost）：投入生產的所有資源的機會成本。 ? 若不開飯館，在所有可選工作中最高可賺得 2萬元，人力的經濟成本就是 2萬元。 liabilities remain unchanged. This means total worth has decreased by $40,000, and should write worth down from the previous $200,000 to only $160,000. 46 Assets Liabilities and worth Liabilities $40,000 Net worth Common stock $40,000 47 會計慣例 ? The most important assumption used in a balance sheet is that the value placed on almost every item reflects its historical cost . This differs from the economist’s concept of ―value‖. 財務欺詐 ? For example, the inventory of hotdog buns is valued at the price that was paid for them. A newly purchased fixed asset is valued at its purchase price (this being the historicalcost convention). ? 正是因為兩種可能的計價，為影響收益的會計欺詐提供機會。 機會成本 51 機會成本 ? The opportunity cost (機會成本 ) is the value of the good and service fone (放棄 ). ? The opportunity cost includes all consequences (結果 ), whether they reflect explicit moary transactions (貨幣交易 ) or not. 52 The immediate dollar cost of going to a movie instead of reading your economics textbook is the price of the movie ticket. The opportunity cost also includes the possibility of gaining a better understanding of microeconomics and therefore being more successful in business. 市場價格與機會成本 ? 在一個良好運行的市場上，價格等于機會成本。 給定產量的最低要素成本組合 60 (1) (2) (3) (4) Input Combination Total cost Total cost Labor Land PL=$2 PL=$2 L A PA=$3 PA=$1 A 1 6 20 ? B 2 3 13 7 C 3 2 12 ? D 6 1 15 ? 8813 61 等產量曲線 346 490 600 692 775 846 316 448 548 632 705 775 282 400 490 564 632 692 245 346 423 490 548 600 200 282 346 400 448 490 141 200 245 282 316 346 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Labor Land 62 6 5 4 3 2 1 Land 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Labor A B C D q Equalproduct curve or isoquant Th