煙臺(tái)市氨綸行業(yè)反傾銷現(xiàn)狀和對(duì)策分析國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易畢業(yè)論文(存儲(chǔ)版)

　　

【正文】 an not do so perfectly. At the same time, international banks with large currency positions closely monitor their foreign exchange risk and try to manage, as well as limit, their exposure to it. In a similar fashion, some institutions with significant investments in one modity such as oil, through their lending activity or geographical franchise, concern themselves with modity price risk. Others with high singleindustry concentrations may monitor specific industry concentration risk as well as the forces that affect the fortunes of the industry involved.Credit risk arises from nonperformance by a borrower. It may arise from either an inability or an unwillingness to perform in the premitted contracted manner. This can affect the lender holding the loan contract, as well as other lenders to the creditor. Therefore, the financial condition of the borrower as well as the current value of any underlying collateral is of considerable interest to its bank. The real risk from credit is the deviation of portfolio performance from its expected value. Accordingly, credit risk is diversifiable, but difficult to eliminate pletely. This is because a portion of the default risk may, in fact, result from the systematic risk outlined above. In addition, the idiosyncratic nature of some portion of these losses remains a problem for creditors in spite of the beneficial effect of diversification on total uncertainty. This is particularly true for banks that lend in local markets and ones that take on highly illiquid assets. In such cases, the credit risk is not easily transferred, and accurate estimates of loss are difficult to obtain.Counterparty risk es from nonperformance of a trading partner. The nonperformance may arise from counterparty’s refusal to perform due to an adverse price movement caused by systematic factors, or from some other political or legal constraint that was not anticipated by the principals. Diversification is the major tool for controlling nonsystematic counterparty risk.Counterparty risk is like credit risk, but it is generally viewed as a more transient financial risk associated with trading than standard creditor default risk. In addition, counterparty’s failure to settle a trade can arise from other factors beyond a credit problem.Liquidity risk can best be described as the risk of a funding crisis. While some would include the need to plan for growth and unexpected expansion of credit, the risk here is seen more correctly as the potential for a funding crisis. Such a situation would inevitably be associated with an unexpected event, such as a large charge off, loss of confidence, or a crisis of national proportion such as a currency crisis.In any case, risk management here centers on liquidity facilities and portfolio structure. Recognizing liquidity risk leads the bank to recognize liquidity itself as an asset, and portfolio design in the face of illiquidity concerns as a challenge.Operational risk is associated with the problems of accurately processing, settling, and taking or making delivery on trades in exchange for cash. It also arises in record keeping, processing system failures and pliance with various regulations. As such, individual operating problems are small probability events for wellrun organizations but they expose a firm to outes that may be quite costly.Legal risks are endemic in financial contracting and are separate from the legal ramifications of credit counterparty and operational risks. New statutes, tax legislation, court opinions and regulations can put formerly wellestablished transactions into contention even when all parties have previously performed adequately and are fully able to perform in the future. For example, environmental regulations have radically affected real estate values for older properties and imposed serious risks to lending institutions in this area. A second type of legal risk arises from the activities of an institution39。瓦伊納在傾銷與反傾銷學(xué)術(shù)界確立了權(quán)威的地位。GATT 這一當(dāng)時(shí)在規(guī)制國(guó)際貿(mào)易方面唯一具有廣泛國(guó)際法效力的協(xié)定，在文本第 6 條對(duì)傾銷下了如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義：“一國(guó)產(chǎn)品以低于正常價(jià)值的方式進(jìn)入另一國(guó)商業(yè)”。目前國(guó)際上反傾銷法律制度的主要架構(gòu)是以世界貿(mào)易組織。例如，美國(guó)密執(zhí)安州某汽車生產(chǎn)商在加利福尼亞州以4000美元/輛銷售，在伊利諾斯州將同樣車子以3800美元/輛出售，其中兩地售價(jià)有200美元之差，但是，伊州離密州近，伊州離加州遠(yuǎn)，經(jīng)計(jì)算，汽車的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)差價(jià)恰好是200美元，此時(shí)，這兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格差就不能成為瓦伊納“價(jià)格歧視說”中的價(jià)格歧視。瓦伊納(Jacob Viner)（1923），在總結(jié)和研究了國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論和實(shí)踐后，把傾銷定義為：在不同國(guó)家市場(chǎng)上實(shí)施價(jià)格歧視。Appendix：Measures of Antidumping and Import Risk Management（Partly）Anthony M. SantomeroIII. Measures for AntidumpingHow are these techniques of risk management employed by the mercial banking sector? To explain this, one must begin by enumerating the risks which the banking industry has chosen to manage and illustrate. how the fourstep procedure outlined is applied in each area. The risks associated with the provision of banking services differ by the type of service rendered. For the sector as a whole, however the risks can be broke into six generic types: systematic or market risk, credit risk, counterparty risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risks. Here, we will discuss each of the risks facing the banking institution, and in Section IV w will indicate how they are managed.Systematic risk is the risk of asset value change associated with systematic factors. It is sometime referred to as market risk, which is in fact a somewhat imprecise term. By its nature, this risk can be hedged but cannot be diversified pletely away. In fact, systematic risk can be thought of as undiversifiable risk. All investors assume this type of risk, whenever assets owned or claims issued can change in value as a result of broad economic factors. As such, systematic risk es in many different forms. For the banking sector，however, two are of greatest concern, namely variations in the general level of interest rates and the relative value of currencies.Because of the bank39。5結(jié)論本文分析了此次論文研究選題背景、研究目的及意義、研究?jī)?nèi)容，并回顧和總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外研究成果和現(xiàn)狀，并且從理論到實(shí)踐地分析研究了煙臺(tái)市氨綸行業(yè)面對(duì)低價(jià)傾銷的，在傾銷理論的指導(dǎo)下找出應(yīng)對(duì)之策，詳細(xì)分析了煙臺(tái)地區(qū)氨綸行業(yè)面對(duì)低價(jià)傾銷應(yīng)對(duì)不足的