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【正文】 員工 ,客戶與客戶與 benchmarking的研究被用來主導改善的研究被用來主導改善 ? Experimentation is encouraged. 鼓勵實驗鼓勵實驗 Statistical Thinking at the Strategic Level決策者之統(tǒng)計思維決策者之統(tǒng)計思維14 .? Managers use meeting management techniques ? 經(jīng)理利用會議管理技巧 ? Standardized project management systems are in place. ? 適當?shù)臉藴驶瘜０腹芾硐到y(tǒng) ? Both project process and results are reviewed. ? 此專案的流程與結果已被審核 ? Process variation is considered when setting goals. ? 當設定目標時 ,流程的變異已被考慮 ? Measurement is viewed as a process. ? 量測點被視為一個流程 ? The number of suppliers is reduced ? 供應者數(shù)目減少 ? A variety of munication media are used. ? 廣泛的傳訊媒體被採用Statistical Thinking at the Managerial Level 經(jīng)理階層統(tǒng)計思維經(jīng)理階層統(tǒng)計思維15 ? Work processes are flowcharted documented ? 工作程序已被流程圖表化與書面化 ? Key measurements are – Time plots displayed時間的圖示被展現(xiàn) ? Process management and improvement utilize: ? 製程管理與改善採用 – Knowledge of variation, and 變異觀念的知識及 – Data analysis 資料分析 ? Improvement activities focus on the process, not blaming employees. 改善工具著重於製程 ,而非責備員工 Statistical Thinking at the Operational Level 現(xiàn)場員工的統(tǒng)計思維範例現(xiàn)場員工的統(tǒng)計思維範例16 Statistical Thinking at theOperational Level 現(xiàn)場員工的統(tǒng)計思維範例現(xiàn)場員工的統(tǒng)計思維範例A Recent Experience最近的經(jīng)驗最近的經(jīng)驗 168。 統(tǒng)計的思維不僅要懂而且也要會做統(tǒng)計的思維不僅要懂而且也要會做 168。產(chǎn)品資料特性以離散的評估方式選定產(chǎn)品資料特性以離散的評估方式選定 168。 Plot 如計算錫膏厚度之平均值如計算錫膏厚度之平均值 ,再點圖再點圖43 Basic Probabilities Concerning the Distribution of Sample Means有關樣本平均數(shù)之機率分佈有關樣本平均數(shù)之機率分佈 Std. dev. of the sample means 樣本平均數(shù)標準差 : 44 Estimation of Mean and Std. Dev. of the Underlying Process在製程控制之下之平均值與標準差估計在製程控制之下之平均值與標準差估計 n use historical data taken from the process when it was “known” to be in control 當製程穩(wěn)定時當製程穩(wěn)定時 ,利用過去所產(chǎn)生之歷史資料利用過去所產(chǎn)生之歷史資料 n usually data is in the form of samples (preferably with fixed sample size) taken at regular intervalsn 樣本資料是在一定間隔的時間裡取得樣本資料是在一定間隔的時間裡取得 n process mean m estimated as the average of the sample means (the grand mean or nominal value)n 假設製程平均值假設製程平均值 m與樣本平均值相同與樣本平均值相同 n process standard deviation s estimated by:製程標準差製程標準差 s估算由估算由 n standard deviation of all individual samples n 所有個別值樣本之標準差所有個別值樣本之標準差 n OR mean of sample range R/d2, where或樣本平均值或樣本平均值 / d2 sample range R = (RmaxRmin), d2 = value from lookup table, 全距全距為為 R, d2可由查表得知可由查表得知 , 45 Xbar vs. R charts平均值平均值 VS全距管制圖全距管制圖 168。 How can we tell if the variability is in control?59 RChart168。 They obtain the following data:67 168。 It appears that shifts 4, 7 and 12 were out of control. 168。 Establish regions A, B, and C as one, two, and three s 168。 , Nominal value 800 1000 1200 HoursUpper specification Lower specificationProcess distribution(a) Process is capable78 Process Capability製程能力製程能力 Lower specificationMeanUpper specification Two sigma181。LSL)/3Precision精密度Capability準確度83 Meanings of Cpk Measures Cpk 量測之意義量測之意義Cpk = negative numberCpk = zeroCpk = between 0 and 1Cpk = 1Cpk 184 Statistical Process Control – Identify and Reduce Process Variability統(tǒng)計製程管制統(tǒng)計製程管制 確認並降低製程變異確認並降低製程變異Lower specification limitUpper specification limit(a) Acceptance sampling(b) Statistical process control(c) cpk 185 Quality Control Approaches品質管制方法品質管制方法n Statistical process control (SPC)統(tǒng)計製程管制統(tǒng)計製程管制 n Monitors production process to prevent poor quality 監(jiān)控產(chǎn)品製程以預防不良品質監(jiān)控產(chǎn)品製程以預防不良品質 n Acceptance sampling允收抽樣允收抽樣 n Inspects random sample of product or materials to determine if a lot is acceptable隨機抽樣檢驗產(chǎn)品或物料以決定此批是否隨機抽樣檢驗產(chǎn)品或物料以決定此批是否允收允收86 Sampling vs. Screening抽樣與篩選抽樣與篩選n Sampling抽樣抽樣 n When you inspect a subset of the population n 群體批中檢查小批群體批中檢查小批 n Screening n When you inspect the whole population n 群體批中檢查全數(shù)群體批中檢查全數(shù) n The costs consideration n 成本的考量成本的考量 ,經(jīng)濟的原則經(jīng)濟的原則Acceptance Sampling允收抽樣允收抽樣n Accept/reject entire lot based on sample results 整個允收整個允收 /拒收是樣品結果為基礎拒收是樣品結果為基礎 n Not consistent with TQM of Zero Defects 與與 TQM的零缺點不同的零缺點不同 n Measures quality in percent defective 以缺點百分率測量品質以缺點百分率測量品質Sampling Plan抽樣計劃抽樣計劃n Guidelines for accepting lot允收批之指導作允收批之指導作業(yè)業(yè) n Single sampling plan單一抽樣計劃單一抽樣計劃n N = lot size批量批量 n n = sample size (random)樣本大小樣本大小n c = acceptance number允收數(shù)允收數(shù)n d = number of defective items in sample樣本不良項目之樣本不良項目之數(shù)目數(shù)目n If d = c, accept lot。Capable 168。 6 consecutive points increasing or decreasing 168。 Now it appears that shift 15 is outofcontrol. 168。 168。 Upper Control Limit =UCLLCL60 Ex: Control “Commuting times” Step 1 Commuting Times (min.) .WEEKMinutesXbar =R =Step 2 Step 3X = R = 36 n = 5UCLL = X + A2*R = + (.58)*(36) = LCLL= X A2*R = = UCLR = D4*R = ()*() = LCLR = D3*R = 061 Control “Commuting times” (cont.)step 4 Commuting times .UCL = Xbarbar = LCL = Xbar Chart1 102 3 4 5 6 7 8 95010075R Chart UCL = Rbar = LCL = 01 102 3 4 5 6 7 8 97553562 Figurep Chart不良率管制圖不良率管制圖n Type of attributes control chart 計數(shù)管制圖計數(shù)管制圖 n Nominally scaled categorical data 以絕對資料分類以絕對資料分類 n ., goodbad 如好如好 ,壞壞 n Shows % of nonconforming items 顯示不合格項目顯示不合格項目 % n Example: Count defective chairs divide by total chairs inspected。 XBar管制圖監(jiān)控中心管制圖監(jiān)控中心 (一旦一旦 R管制圖處於管制狀管制圖處於管制狀態(tài)態(tài) ):平均值於爭個製程是否穩(wěn)定平均值於爭個製程是否穩(wěn)定 ? Bring the Rchart under control, then look at the xbar chart(先看先看 R圖圖 ,再看再看 Xbar圖圖 ) 46 How to Construct a Control Chart如何建立管制圖如何建立管制圖 1. Take samples and measure 2. For each subgroup, calculate the sample average and range. 每個群組每個群組 ,計算平均值與全距計算平均值與全距 3. Set trial center line and control 圖之中心線與管制界限圖之中心線與管制界限 4. Plot the R chart. Remove outofcontrol points and revise control R圖圖 ,移除異常點移除異常點 ,再修正管制界再修正管制界限限 5. Plot xbar chart. Remove outofcontrol points and