城市可持續發展概述(專業版)

　　

【正文】 ?它主要計算在一定的人口與經濟規模條件下 ,維持資源消費和廢物消納所 必需的 生物生產面積 。盡管這很重要但還不夠 ? 現有的體系尚停留在使用傳統的環境指標，輔之以反映居住，健康，能源利用和經濟的指標 城市指標的發展現狀評析 ? 城市經濟、環境與可持續的聯系還沒有得到清晰完整地體現。 ? 第二次世界大戰以后 ： 發展學 。 – 它將人類對環境的影響程度與維持環境系統可持續性的臨界線相比較， – 是一個用來判斷環境承載力及生態系統可否長期維持人類發展的工具 城市環境指標和可持續發展指標 選擇指標的標準 ? 問題的重要性 ? 政策相關性 ? 分析手段的堅實性 ? 可測性 城市環境和可持續發展 指標和案例 ? 聯合國可持續發展委員會（ UNCSD） 的指標 ? 聯合國人居組織的城市發展指數 ? 歐盟環境署的城市環境指標 ? 芬蘭城鎮環境指標 ? 歐盟委員會的城市可持續發展指數 ? 英國 Leicester市的二十一世紀工程指標體系 ? 美國西雅圖市城市可持續發展指標 ? 中國的環境保護模范城市指標 UNCSD 的 CSD指標 SOCIAL（ 社會） Theme Subtheme Indicator Equity Poverty (3) Percent of Population Living below Poverty Line Gini Index of Ine Inequality Unemployment Rate Gender Equality (24) Ratio of Average Female Wage to Male Wage Health (6) Nutritional Status Nutritional Status of Children Mortality Mortality Rate Under 5 Years Old Life Expectancy at Birth Sanitation Percent of Population with Adequate Sewage Disposal Facilities Drinking Water Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water Healthcare Delivery Percent of Population with Access to Primary Health Care Facilities Immunization Against Infectious Childhood Diseases Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Education (36) Education Level Children Reaching Grade 5 of Primary Education Adult Secondary Education Achievement Level Literacy Adult Literacy Rate Housing (7) Living Conditions Floor Area per Person Security Crime (36, 24) Number of Recorded Crimes per 100,000 Population Population (5) Population Change Population Growth Rate Population of Urban Formal and Informal Settlements ENVIRONMENTAL（環境） Theme Subtheme Indicator Atmosphere (9) Climate Change Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Ozone Layer Depletion Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances Air Quality Ambient Concentration of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas Land (10) Agriculture (14) Arable and Permanent Crop Land Area Use of Fertilizers Use of Agricultural Pesticides Forests (11) Forest Area as a Percent of Land Area Wood Harvesting Intensity Desertification (12) Land Affected by Desertification Urbanization (7) Area of Urban Formal and Informal Settlements Oceans, Seas and Coasts (17) Coastal Zone Algae Concentration in Coastal Waters Percent of Total Population Living in