熱能與動力工程專業畢業論文外文文獻及翻譯(專業版)

　　

【正文】 Ondemand power production: Unlike other renewable energy technologies (.: solar, wind), biomassbased power generation can be made available whenever it is needed. This helps to accelerate the capital investment payoff rate by utilizing a higher capacity factor. M costs of the gasifier were estimated at $6/MWhth. 外文文獻 及譯文 11 5. Economic evaluation criteria The economic evaluation of each cofiring option was based on any savings/increase in fuel cost arising from the price difference of coal and biomass, and ine generated through the sale of emissions credits, both carbon and sulphur. As biomass is a carbon neutral fuel, any reduction in coal use can be see as a subsequent reduction in CO2 produced. A further reduction in carbon emissions could be gained if the PC plant uses a sorbent based scrubber. Sorbents such as limestone, used to capture sulphur dioxide produced by coal bustion, release additional carbon dioxide in the capture process adding to the plant’s carbon emissions. As the sulphur content of biomass is nearly zero, sulphur produced from coal bustion is reduced by the corresponding cofiring carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide produced from the offset coal were calculated using the following equations: where [CO2] is the carbon dioxide offset by cofiring (tons/year), [C] is the carbon fraction in coal, [SO2] is the sulphur dioxide offset by cofiring (tons/year), [S] is the sulphur fraction in coal andmco is the amount of coal displaced by biomass (tons/year). From bustion stoichiometry [15], to capture every mole of sulphur, mol of calcium is needed, and production of 1 mol of calcium is associated with the generation of 1 mol of CO2. The effect of NOx reduction is a little more plex. An increase in the volatile content of a fuel busted in a PC burner could potentially reduce the NOx produced, but it would not reduce the thermal NOx in direct cofiring. The reduction would therefore be small when pared to reductions in CO2 and SO2. In external cofiring using a CFB boiler or gasifier, NOx emissions from the plant would be reduced due to the lower bustion temperatures found in CFB furnaces. Actual NOx reductions through decreased coal firing are dependent on the PC burner design and would be difficult to quantify. Gases produced from the gasification of biomass could be used to reduce the NOx emissions from PC plants if the gas was used in a NOx reburning situation. The analysis 外文文獻 及譯文 12 indicates that the cost of CO2 reduction through direct cofiring works out to 33$/ton of CO2. For the purposes of this analysis, no sulphur capture technology was built into the design. . Carrying charge Each technology option has its associated costs of implementation over and above the regular plant operational costs. All three options had associated carrying charge for the initial capital cost of the cofiring system. This is calculated using the following equation (input values are presented in Table 1): where V is the initial investment, D/V is the debt fraction of investment and cc is the carrying charge fraction. Another annual cost associated with the implementation of biomass cofiring is increased plant operation and maintenance costs. The gasification and direct cofiring options also have increased cost due to reduced capacity factor and plant’s annual generation. From these yearly savings and costs, the yearly ine after tax was calculated. All inputs for the economic analysis are also listed in Table 3. The cost of biomass in this analysis is the cost of delivered chipped hardwood, as shown in Table 2. Cofiring costs could be less if a biomass waste material, such as sawdust from lumber mills or sewage sludge from nearby plants were available and fuels need to be sourced locally as the transportation costs of biomass could erode its cost advantage due to the low energy density of biomass fuels. The present analysis is very conservative as it did not include the avoided tipping fees that would otherwise be incurred through the disposal of unwanted biomass. In one analysis performed by the . Department of Energy (TR109496), the avoided tipping fees accounted for over 50% of the savings generated. The increasing demand for biomass products in the power generation industry has made them a modity in a number of regions around the world. For this reason the authors did not include this savings as owing to this demand, it is unlikely that the ine from tipping fee avoidance would continue in the future. For the evaluation we used the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). This represents the rate of return required by a corporation on its new assets to maintain a firm value, and is 外文文獻 及譯文 13 prised of the rate of return required by both equity holders and debt holders. It is calculated by the following equation: where Re is the cost of equity, Rd is the cost of debt, Tc is the corporate tax rate, E is the equity amount, D is the debt amount and V is the total investment. . Capital cost allowance (CCA) Capital cost allowances for power generation equipment fall under CCA class 47 of Revenue Canada with a depreciation rate of 8%. Since biomass cofiring is not currently employed in Canada, equipment use for a cofiring operation is not specifically described under Canadian Ine Tax Act. From the foregoing description of cofiring technologies it would appear that direct cofiring option requires capital investment primarily for new fuel processing and handling equipment as it uses existing boiler and electrical generating equipment at the power plant. The CCA class 8 definition, which applies to processing machinery and material handling and storage equipment, better reflects the type of equipment used. The CCA class 8 has a 20% rate. For the other two cofiring options (indirec