外文翻譯---高新科技領域和納米技術領域的競爭力(編輯修改稿)

　

【文章內容簡介】 pushing forward almost blindly without fully digesting the essence of basic research or adopting a methodology for its promotion. In short, a mindset began to take hold that saw the success of basic research as wholly dependent on the skills of those conducting such research. This scenario essentially discouraged any effort to evaluate the progress of research during the process itself on the grounds that everything should await the final stage once the researchers had been selected and their skills identified. For example, the Technology Research and Development Program for NextGeneration Industrial Infrastructures adopted an implementation period of ten years for each theme. The program divided this period into two phases, with an evaluation at the end of the first phase to determine the appropriateness of continuing the research. As it turned out, however, this evaluation system had never worked effectively when it was first adopted. Consequently, the situation became one in which there were many small, independent basic research themes, which offered creativity but had little objective review from the outside. As a result, the system led to the establishment of a plethora of what were essentially isolated outposts spread across an extensive field of basic research. While some of them housed excellent researchers, predominance among the various independent entities could only be maintained by petition. Yet a structure that consisted of scattered outposts is simply not effective from the standpoint of industrialization and business development, in which the bined strength of many researchers and entities determines success or failure. As described above, these two problems created a tendency to avoid petition in the main hightech arenas of industrial and corporate petitiveness. And because petitiveness is fostered through petition, Japan39。s petitiveness in various hightech fields inevitably started declining after the 1980s as a result of these trends. (4) The matter of Japan’s hubris In addition to the shift towards the basics, another factor that should be cited as part of the background to this declining petitiveness was the blatant hubris on the part of Japan. In essence, regardless of how 4 fierce the criticism from overseas became, the pendulum would not have swung so far away from applied research and towards basic research if this sense of arrogance had not been so pronounced. Indicative of the selfcongratulatory tenor of the times, many of those associated with the production lines turning out semiconductor LSI devices echoed a shared belief that the research and development divisions were useless and not really necessary, as future developments in silicon LSI applications were secure as long as the manufacturing division keeps doing what it should do. There were actually some panies in which the business division handled all siliconrelated matters including research and development, with laboratories relegated to carrying out research related to pound semiconductors. Those spouting such ments at the time could not even imagine that LSI production would be shifted to Korea, Taiwan and even to China only ten short years later. Competitiveness in the HighTech Field It is important to note that this declining petitiveness in the hightech field involved not only a shrinking market share, but also the acceleration of a more ominous hollowingout of Japan39。s technological capa