碩士研究生學位英語考試20xx級(編輯修改稿)

　

【文章內容簡介】 lightful but time consuming D. not worth doing and bearable at all Passage 3 It is usual to classify types of production as job production, batch production and flow production. In job production, products are supplied to the special requirements of a customer, and the whole project is undertaken as one operation which is pleted before passing on to the next. A good example of this kind of work is shipbuilding. In job production a single item is produced at a time, whereas in batch production a number of similar items are produced in order to meet a continuing sales demand. Batch sizes vary, but the quantity which is produced amounts to more than immediate requirements, and the surplus production is stored. Finally, in flow production, the manufacture of a product proceeds from one operation to another at a planned rate of output. It is argued that the type of production method which is employed depends on the development of an individual pany. That is to say, many factories begin manufacturing on a job production basis and proceed, as the volume of production increases, to batch and flow production methods. This is not always the case, however, since the type of production is not necessarily determined by the product volume which is aimed at. In fact, in the car industry, tools are produced by jobbing methods, ponents are produced by batch methods, and the final product is assembled by flow methods. Flow production is associated with flow layouts, whereas job and batch production are associated with process layouts. In a process layout, machines of a similar type are grouped together in the same section of the factory, and work in progress is moved from one part of the factory to another. In a flow layout scheme, the manufacturing equipment is arranged in the same sequence as the operations performed on the product. Each of these operations must be capable of processing work at the rate required for assembly of the final product, and the output for each operation must be balanced in order to provide a smooth flow of work. These are advantages in both types of layout. In a process layout system there is more flexibility, and a greater specialization of machines and labor is possible, while in a flow layout system it is not necessary to maintain a high level of stocks or to demand great skill in the workforce. 45. In Line 4, “this kind of work” refers to ____D___. A. batch production B. flow production C. mass production D. job production 46. The production method is not dependent on the size of a pany because different products can __C_B____. A. be displayed at different locations B. be produced by different production methods C. be designed by different specialists D. be sold at different markets 47. According to the passage, one advantage of flow production is _____D__. A. too much flexibility B. high level of stocks needed C. particular machinery C. little specialization of labor 48. Which of the following statements is true about this passage? A A. Process layouts are appropriate to both job and batch production. B. Job production is aimed at producing several items at a time. C. A single product requires a single production method. D. The production methods depend on individual pany development. Passage 4 Training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm analyses its training needs. A review of manpower planning should include a training analysis which looks carefully at training from the point of view of the pany, its various departments and personnel. This may show that weaknesses exist in some departments and that, as a result, training is needed for their staff. Training needs are based on an analysis of job descriptions and job specifications. A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a specific job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior, knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it. When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. This specifies what the Training Department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in the training period. There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages to all of them. Successful training programmes depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them. It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place “off the job”, in the classroom。 but training in using those skills takes place “on the job”, by means of such activities as job rotation and planned experience. It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training programme. The success of depends not only on the methods used but also on the quality of the staff who do the training. A pany can often check on savings in time and cost by examining the manual work performed by operators and technicians who have pleted a training programme. The evaluation of management and supervisory training is much more plex than that. In order to test the results of management and supervisory training, many panies have looked at such things as the number of management and supervisory staff who leave their employment and the number who stay away from work for reasons of health. 49. According to the passage, an analysis of training needs is based on __D_____. A. the performance required for a general job B. the knowledge and skills expected in a person C. the costs and savings of a training programmer D. both the performance and knowledge and skills expected in a job 50. The training specification mentions exactly what to teach and __B_____. A. where to teach B. what methods to use C. when to teach D. why to teach 51. From the passage, we le