lecture8probioticbacteria：講座8益生菌(編輯修改稿)

　

【文章內容簡介】 ingo et al., 1995) ? For cod, Gadus gadus, gut is colonized by similar bacteria as found in eggs (Hansen and Olafsen, 1999) ? Putative probiotics added as soon as possible after hatching in order to colonize gut prior to feeding (Ringo and Vadstein, 1998) ? Turbot and dab harbor bacteria capable of suppressing growth of V. anguillarum (Ollson et al., 1992) ? V. alginolyticus was effective in reducing disease caused by Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Austin et al., 1995) Recent Findings: finfish ? Kennedy et al. (1998) showed addition of a Grampositive probiotic increased survival, size uniformity, and growth rate of snook, red drum, spotted sea trout and striped mullet. ? Gram et al. (1999) reported a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens reduced mortality of 40 g rainbow trout infected with pathogenic V. anguillarum ? GarciadelaBanda et al. (1992) added Streptococcus lactis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus to rotifers and Artemia sp. nauplii and recorded 6x higher survival at weaning than untreated controls ? Nikoskelainen et al. (2022) showed immune enhancement in rainbow trout via Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplemented in feeds Recent Findings: shrimp ? Broad application in hatcheries, but few indepth studies published ? often used as food source (., soil bacteria for P. monodon nauplii) ? improved survival (57% vs. 0%) after 13 days against V. anguillarum ? improved survival of L. vannamei PL’s inoculated with V. alginolyticus (nonpathogenic) vs. oxytet and control (Garriques and Arivalo, 1995) ? Griffith (1995) reported that following the introduction of probiotics in Ecuador in 1992, hatchery downtime between batches was reduced from 7 days per month to 21 days per year, production volumes increased by 35% and antimicrobial use decreased by 94% ? In shrimp hatcheries in New Caledonia, a strain of Pseudoalteromonas piscicida was found to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp. (Saulnier et al., 2022) Recent Findings: bivalave molluscs ? Most research has focused on nutritional contributions to mollusc larvae ? most work in vitro wherein autochthonous strains have been isolated from scallops and have shown some inhibition to Vibrio sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila ? Bacillus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. shown to depurate oysters (Crassostrea virginica) against V. vulnificus (Williams et al., 2022) Part II. Modes of Action of Probiotic Bacteria Modes of Action ? Many publications about probiotics have emerged in aquaculture in the last decade ? most based on empirical arguments (simple) ? modes of action were largely circumstantial ? several modes of action have been proposed as a result of human and agricultural applications Modes of Action ? Info on terrestrial investigations has been used for aquatics (esp. Lactobacillus sp.) ? one problem: distinction between 1) the intrinsic ability of the probing to positively influence the host and 2) its ability to reach and maintain itself in the location where the effect is to be exerted ? Point: does not matter if it produces siderophores or inhibitory pounds in the gut if it’s never ingested ? can be very important: Mytilus e