考研翻譯歷年真題解析[新東方考研英語資料](編輯修改稿)

　

【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 udgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter 評論家形成并表達對某一事物的優(yōu)點、錯誤、價值或真實性的判斷的人divert attention from 原義是引開，引申為沒有注意到，忽略lies with 在于illinformed 不甚了解，消息不靈通的參考譯文：把標準化測試作為抨擊的目標是錯誤的，因為在抨擊這類測試時，批評者沒有（注意到 / 忽略了）（測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對測試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng) / 批評家沒有注意到錯誤是由消息不靈通或者不能勝任的使用者造成的）。得分重點：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，原因狀語從句，定語從句72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：72) 主語從句How well // 從句的主語the predictions // 從句的謂語 被動結(jié)構(gòu)will be validated // by later performance // 謂語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 固定短語depends upon // 多重定語the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness // of the information / used // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（depends）on // the skill / and wisdom // 定語從句with which // （指代關(guān)系）it // 被動結(jié)構(gòu)is interpreted.詞義推敲：How well the predictions will be validated by：在多大程度上為……所證實be validated by：為……所證實。被動結(jié)構(gòu)——最好少用“被”字。validate：to establish the soundness of。 orroborate 證實建立…的正確性；確證depends upon 取決于the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used：所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性amount：a number 數(shù)字；數(shù)量reliability 可靠性，信度——validity效度appropriate：suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place。 fitting 適合于…的適合于某特定的人，條件，事件或地點的；適宜的with which it is interpreted定語從句Which指代the skill and wisdom。it指代the information。參考譯文：這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。得分重點：主語從句，被動結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，定語從句73)、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning parative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73) 主語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 Whether // to use // tests, / other kinds of information, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 or 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（to use）指代關(guān)系both // 方式狀語in a particular situation // 謂語 固定短語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)11depends, // 插入結(jié)構(gòu)therefore, // upon // 多重定語the evidence / from experience / concerning parative validity // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)22 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（depends）upon // 舉例such factors // as cost / and availability.詞義推敲：Whether to use ..., or (to use) 究竟是使用……還是（使用）……or both：或是兩者兼用both：指代前句的tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situation 在某一特定情況下particular：separate and distinct from others of the same group, category, or nature 特定的，個別的與同一團體、范疇或種類的其他部分分離和區(qū)分出來的the evidence from experience concerning parative validity：多重后置定語——后浪推前浪，可以翻譯為：“關(guān)于相對效度的來自經(jīng)驗的證據(jù)”such factors as... 諸如……等因素參考譯文：因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，（須憑有關(guān)相對效度的經(jīng)驗依據(jù)而定/取決于與相對效度有關(guān)的來自經(jīng)驗的證據(jù)），也取決于諸如費用和有無來源等因素。得分重點：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，插入結(jié)構(gòu)74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74) 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)In general, // 主句 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 the tests // work // most effectively // 時間狀語從句when // 從句的主語the qualities / 非謂語作后置定語to be measured // 謂語 被動結(jié)構(gòu)can be most precisely defined // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（the tests work）least effectively // 時間狀語從句when // 從句中的主語從句what // （指代關(guān)系）is to be measured or predicted // 謂語 被動結(jié)構(gòu)can not be well defined.詞義推敲：In general 一般的說，大體上work most effectively 最為有效the qualities to be measured：所要測定的特征qualities：特征，特性，品質(zhì)，品德。作“質(zhì)量”解時，是抽象名次，沒有復(fù)數(shù)。measure：測量, 測度, 估量, 分派, 權(quán)衡, 調(diào)節(jié) be most precisely defined：很精確界定。precisely 精確地，恰好地，明確地definite：to specify distinctly 清楚地規(guī)定and least effectively：測試效果最差。省略了前面的the tests workwhat is to be measured or predicted not be well defined：當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地定義時參考譯文：一般的說，當(dāng)所要測定的特征能很精確界定時，測試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時，測試的效果則最差。得分重點：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，時間狀語從句，被動結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句75)For example, they do not pensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：75) 狀語結(jié)構(gòu) 舉例For example, // 主語 they // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 do not pensate for // gross social inequality, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and thus // do not tell // 賓語從句how able // 從句的主語an underprivileged youngster // 謂語might have been // 虛擬條件句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)had he grown up // 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)under more favorable circumstances.詞義推敲：they 指代“測試”pensate for 彌補pensate：to serve as or provide a substitute or counterbalance 補償，彌補作為代替品或平衡物使用或提供gross social inequality 明顯的/巨大的社會不公gross：glaringly obvious。 flagrant 公然的十分明顯的；罪惡昭著的inequality：不公平，不平等tell：說明，表明underprivileged youngster：物質(zhì)條件差的/處于社會底層的/沒有特權(quán)的年輕人had he grown up = if he had grown up（虛擬語氣中條件句的倒裝）grow up：成長，興起，形成under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下circumstance：the sum of determining factors beyond willful control 客觀形勢，情況除意志控制外的決定因素的總和favorable：有利的，贊成的，討人喜歡的參考譯文：例如，測試并不彌補明顯的社會不公，因此它們不能說明（如果）一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，（如果）在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。得分重點：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從句，虛擬語氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)1996年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.(71)Some of these causes are pletely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent selfaccelerating. Some , however , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable。 but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain a