新編計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)課后習(xí)題全部答案(第三版)王春生(編輯修改稿)

　

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 puter program that translates source code intoobject code. Software engineers write source code using highlevel programming languagesthat people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need apiler to translate these instructions into a lowlevel language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (pile) all the instructions in a given set of sourcecode to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a puter’smachine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the puter can runthe program immediately after the piler produces its translation. If the object code is notin machine language, other programs—such as assemblers, binders (聯(lián)編程序), linkers, andloaders (加載程序)—finish the translation.Most puter languages use different versions of pilers for different types ofputers or operating systems, so one language may have different pilers for personalputers (PC) and Apple Macintosh puters. Many different manufacturers often produceversions of the same programming language, so pilers for a language may vary betweenmanufacturers.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在軟件中，錯(cuò) 誤是指導(dǎo)致程序發(fā)生故障或產(chǎn)生不正確結(jié)果的編碼或邏輯錯(cuò)誤。較輕微的錯(cuò)誤，如光標(biāo)表現(xiàn)異常，會(huì)造成不便或帶來(lái)挫折，但不會(huì)對(duì)信息產(chǎn)生破壞性 影響。較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致程序“中止”（對(duì)命令停止反應(yīng)），可能使用戶別無(wú)選擇，只能重新啟動(dòng)程序，結(jié)果致使任何前面已經(jīng)做 好但尚未保存的工作丟失。兩種情況無(wú)論是哪一種，程序員都必須憑借稱為調(diào)試的過(guò)程，發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯(cuò)誤。由于錯(cuò)誤對(duì)重要數(shù)據(jù)的潛在危險(xiǎn)，商 用應(yīng)用程序在發(fā)行前要經(jīng)過(guò)盡可能全面的測(cè)試與調(diào)試。程序發(fā)行后發(fā)現(xiàn)的較輕微錯(cuò)誤在下一次更新時(shí)改正；較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤有時(shí)可用稱為補(bǔ)丁的特殊軟 件加以修補(bǔ)，以規(guī)避問(wèn)題或減輕其影響。Unit Four/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Machine2. developers。 ponents3. CORBA4. runtimeII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. messaging model 消息接發(fā)模型2. mon language runtime 通用語(yǔ)言運(yùn)行時(shí)刻（環(huán)境）3. hierarchical namespace 分層名稱空間4. development munity 開發(fā)界5. CORBA 公用對(duì)象請(qǐng)求代理（程序）體系結(jié)構(gòu)6. 基本組件 base ponent7. 元數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)記 metadata tag8. 虛擬機(jī) virtual machine9. 集成開發(fā)環(huán)境 IDE（integrated development environment）10. 簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)象訪問(wèn)協(xié)議 SOAP（Simple Object Access Protocol）Unit Four/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. heterogeneous2. asynchronous3. bridges4. opennessII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. procedure call 過(guò)程調(diào)用2. fault tolerance 容錯(cuò)3. homogeneous system 同構(gòu)系統(tǒng)4. autonomous agent 自主主體5. 路由算法 routing algorithm6. 異構(gòu)型環(huán)境 heterogeneous environment7. 多址通信協(xié)議 multicast protocol8. 通信鏈路 munication(s) linkUnit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. offtheshelf2. exclusive3. cascade4. requirements。 integration5. throwaway6. immediate。 stable7. reuseoriented。 framework8. software。 promisesII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. system specification 系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說(shuō)明2. unit testing 單位（或單元、部件）測(cè)試3. software life cycle 軟件生命周期（或生存周期）4. system validation testing 系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試5. evolutionary development process 演化開發(fā)過(guò)程6. simple linear model 簡(jiǎn)單線性模型7. program unit 程序單元8. throwaway prototype 拋棄式原型9. text formatting 正文格式編排，文本格式化10. system evolution 系統(tǒng)演變11. 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)范例 system design paradigm12. 需求分析與定義 requirements analysis and definition13. 探索式編程方法 exploratory programming approach14. 系統(tǒng)文件編制 system documentation15. 瀑布模型 waterfall model16. 系統(tǒng)集成 system integration17. 商用現(xiàn)成軟件 mercial offtheshelf (或COTS) software18. 基于組件的軟件工程 ponentbased software engineering (CBSE)19. 軟件維護(hù)工具 software maintenance tool20. 軟件復(fù)用 software reuseIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance torepair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct。 design errors aremore expensive as they may involve rewriting several program ponents. Requirementserrors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may benecessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operatingenvironment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the system’senvironment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support softwarechanges. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmentalchanges. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the system’s functionality.This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response toorganizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is oftenmuch greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isn’t a clearcutdistinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a newenvironment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features.Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways.Changing the system to acmodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:軟件過(guò)程比較復(fù) 雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過(guò)程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性，使軟件過(guò)程自動(dòng)化的嘗試只取得了有限的成功。 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過(guò)程的某些活動(dòng)。然而，至少是在未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)，不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過(guò)程自動(dòng)化，使軟件能 夠接替參與軟件過(guò)程的工程師來(lái)從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過(guò)程多種多樣。不存在理想 的過(guò)程，而且許多組織機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開發(fā)方法。這些軟件過(guò)程不斷演變，以利用組織機(jī)構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開發(fā)中的系統(tǒng)的具體特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于 一些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，需要的是一個(gè)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開發(fā)過(guò)程，而對(duì)于另外一些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)靈活敏捷的過(guò)程很可能更為有效。Unit Five/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. entity2. duration3. data。 process或process。 data4. implementedII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. check box 復(fù)選框，選擇框，校驗(yàn)框2. structured design 結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)3. building block 積木塊，構(gòu)建模塊，構(gòu)件4. database schema 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模式5. radio button 單選（按）鈕6. 系統(tǒng)建模技術(shù) system modeling technique7. 模型驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā) modeldriven development8. 數(shù)據(jù)流