機械設計制造及其自動化專業外文翻譯(編輯修改稿)

　

【文章內容簡介】 the series of events, perform all necessary calculations, carry out the necessary preparations and decision making, and ultimately assist the surgeon in executing the task. Although manual assistance of surgical gestures was originally the sole task of robots, in this light a much greater benefit may be attainable for intraoperative robotics. If the robot fails to bee a permanent tool in the neurosurgical armamentarium, so be it。 we believe it will play an important role in the continued evolution of modern neurosurgery. PROGRESS OF MANKIND When Leonardo da Vinci constructed his revolutionary doublehelix staircase in the Chambord Castle half a millenium ago, no one recognized the importance the doublehelix configuration would someday have in human life. In both microscopic and macroscopic scales, from DNA structure to the symbolism in human achievement, our progress along the spiral curve has been enormous. Today39。s routine, however, must be done accurately, reproducibly, and cost effectively. Numerous aspects of the neurosurgeon39。s routine do not require exclusively human effort. It is this realization that underlies our belief that robotic assistance has a valid role in the operating room. After 500 million years of biological evolution and 5 million years of social evolution, mankind has created what Webster39。s Dictionary defines as a mechanical device designed to do the work of human beings. The creation of the robot is yet another milestone along the spiral curve of human progress. It is similar to other revolutionary inventions such as the printing press, internal bustion engine, microprocessor, space travel, neurostimulation, and human genome sequencing. With technological progression es both the intrinsic benefit provided by the novel tools themselves and the increased plexity associated with them. In some cases, the plexity associated with novel tools may exceed the benefit of alleviating the problems for which they were designed. Therefore, one of key questions which arises is: Are we going to keep on building these landmarktype devices, marking our progress on the human development helix, or shall we create new generation tools that will reflect dynamically the status of human development, be a measure of progress of humanity, and separate the routine from the challenge? ROBOT VERSUS NEW TOOL Robotic systems were introduced to surgery in the early 1980s. Initial experimentation with surgical robotics consisted largely of adaptations on existing robot technology from the industrial sector. Humans and machines are plementary, rather than petitive, with one another. Situations will exist in which humans are superior to machines and machines are superior to humans. Human superiority stems from qualities such as flexibility, adaptability, judgment, and handeye coordination. Human shortings include fatigability, memory limitations, inability to simultaneously process large amounts of data, tremor, and tissue susceptible to injury. Robot superiority includes the ability to accurately position and reposition instruments, absence of tremor, uniform and controlled application of force, stamina, strength, and the ability to process vast quantities of data simultaneously. They are limited by their lack of judgment, suboptimal spatial coordination, poor adaptability, and susceptibility to malfunction. The robot marks a single point on the spiral curve of human progress. Development of this new tool should be viewed as a reflection of human development, a measure of human progress, and the ability to transform challenge into routine. We must shift our thinking from that of a deviceoriented paradigm to a purposeoriented paradigm. Advances in robot technology should not overlie an attitude of attempting to simply build the best machine possible. The goal should be to create a highly intelligent, autonomous surgical environment capable of seamlessly integrating all inputs in order to provide specialized, dedicated outputs. ROBOTS IN SURGERY Robots offer a wide array of benefits in the surgical arena. They increase the accuracy and dexterity of the surgeon, reduce the tremor of the human hand, and can amplify or reduce the movements and/or forces applied by the surgeon. The number and range of robotic applications in surgery are growing rapidly, and several classifications of robotic surgical systems have been ,77 However, few validated solutions are cur rently available. When validating a roboticassisted task, the key requirements to be considered are safety, accuracy, sterility, integration in the operating room, and m