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【文章內容簡介】 ons 2020/9/10 26 Questions when reading a research paper? Introduction – What is the overall purpose of the research? How does the research fit into the context of its field? Is it, for example, attempting to settle a controversy? show the validity of a new technique? open up a new field of inquiry? – Do you agree with the author39。s rationale for studying the question in this way? Methods – Were the measurements appropriate for the questions the researcher was approaching – Often, researchers need to use indicators because they cannot measure something directlyfor example, using babies39。 birthweight to indicate nutritional status. Were the measures in this research clearly related to the variables in which the researchers (or you) were interested. – If human subjects were studied, do they fairly represent the populations under study 2020/9/10 27 Questions when reading a research paper? Results – What is the one major finding – Were enough of the data presented so that you feel you can judge for yourself how the experiment turned out? – Did you see patterns or trends in the data that the author did not mention? Were there problems that were not addressed Conclusion – Do you agree with the conclusions drawn from the data? – Are these conclusions overgeneralized or appropriately careful. – Are there other factors that could have influenced, or accounted for, the results – What further experiments would you think of, to continue the research or to answer remaining questions 2020/9/10 28 Formulating Aims and Objectives – What? What are Aims amp。 Objectives? – Research aims and objectives are synonymous in dictionaries – In research terms, the word objective is sometimes used to mean more detailed aims – The aim is what you want to achieve, and the objective describes how you are going to achieve that aim – It is not unmon to have more than one objective to satisfy your research aim 2020/9/10 29 Formulating Aims and Objectives – Sample Research Aim – To improve the lives of people in London who are long term homeless Objectives – To provide information and advice on housing and resettlement – To provide training on core job skills and job search skills – To offer supported work placements – To support people in applying for jobs – To facilitate a support group for people 2020/9/10 30 Research Methodology “Nesting” Philosophy = assumption Approach = processing method Technique = specific analytical technique From preunderstanding to understanding, insight and excecution 2020/9/10 31 Research Methodology – Philosophy ? based on a belief that a universal truth is waiting to be discovered by detached, neutral and objective researchers Positivism ? contends that the reality can be understood only through the subjective interpretation of reality ? is suitable if there are testable hypotheses, quantified variables, are able to draw inferences about a population Criticism Interpretivism ? Survey ? Experiment ? Literature review ? used to understand and interpret daily occurrences and social structures as well as the meanings of a certain phenomenon ? Documentation ? is the judgment of the merits and faults of the work or actions of an individual or group by another 2020/9/10 32 Research Methodology – Approaches – Research approach is defined as the path of conscious scientific reasoning. It connects the philosophy and techniques. – It is consisted of a number of methods, including: Laboratory experiment, Field experiment, Survey, Case study, Forecasting / future research, Simulation / game / role playing, Action research, and etc. – Not all of the available approaches are suitable for any kind of research。 on the other hand, not a single research will adopt all available approaches – the selection of appropriate research approaches is constrained by some variables, such as research’s nature, available resources and researcher’s ability 2020/9/10 33 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Laboratory experiment – It permits the researchers to identify precise relationships between chosen variables via a designed laboratory situation to make generalised statements applicable to reallife situation, by using quantitative analytical techniques. – It can study a small number of variables on a well controlled and intensive environment. But the extent is limited due to oversimplification and isolation of laboratory situation from the real world. 2020/9/10 34 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Field experiment – It extends the laboratory into reallife situations of anization and / or society. So, it has greater realism and is less artificial / sanitized. – But, in practice, it’s difficult to find an anization prepared to be experimented on and also difficult to achieve sufficient control to enable replication. 2020/9/10 35 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Surveys – They enable researcher to obtain data about practices, situations or views at a particular point in time through questionnaire or interview, and make inferences by using quantitative analytical techniques regarding the relationships. – They are able to study a greater number of variables than experiments and can describe a real world. It is also easy / appropriate to generalize the findings. – The major weakness is found that little insights related to causes / processes behind the phenomena can be obtained. There is also possible bias in respondents, the researcher and the time when the research is undertaken. 2020/9/10 36 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Case study – It offers the researcher ability to describe the relationships which exist in reality, usually within a single a