會計學外文翻譯：中國建筑行業的成本控制-建筑結構-資料下載頁

【導讀】中國的成本工程系統也被。進化以適應這個社會主義經濟系統。本文調查了近年來成本工程建設等部門發展。這通常不應該被超過。這估計是最新的估計在收到隨后可行性設計開發的信息。要的支持提交的初步設計的政府計劃部門批準。的設計必須減低估計,在預算范圍之內。這估計是準備的基礎上,根據一份分條列述的口水戰認可的規則和測量方法,案招標評估、嫩運動必須取消并經行動是真實的執行。這些都是成本評估過程中進行施工階段的為了確定工作執行的價值。這些成本的評估是不估計的,而且他們的詳細測量但在整個施工期間連續,并最終建立了決賽成本的作品。其他信息,這項工作而合理發生妥和成本的項目。投標已被最廣泛使用的方法為適銷對路的建設在中國開展項目。2020年是第一批法律在中國的法律規定為鞏固招標招投標制度。在中國,正常情況下需要招標投標者提交一份技術提交和定價工程量。清單的提交(價格)另行規定。

　　

【正文】 m and adjustments and the project final account. The benefits of using Bills of Quantities, as have been practiced overseas, are: Bills of Quantities allow tenderers a uniform basis (the same set of work items with quantities prepared by the Owner) on which to prepare a petitive tender. No risk to the tenderers of under measurement as subsequent adjustment for differences with actual quantities is allowed. Sound basis for valuation of variations. Sound basis for interim payments. Sound basis for final accounts. Good cost data (codified items ease analyses) This is a major reform in construction cost assessment as it encourages the industry playersto formulate their tender prices on their own, based on their resources, management efficiency and by making reference to petitive market prices and rates. It is noted, however, that not all contractors have the knowledge, analyses and data of their own resources or management. Therefore some tenders are still being priced by tenders using an estimate of the labour and material content and pricing those using rates from the published norm, some tenderers are using the labour and material contents from the norm together with market prices and only a few are pricing the tender using their own production and cost data. However within the same class of contractors their method of pricing are quite similar. For major projects the tenders are usually petent enough to use all rates based on this own in house cost data. Separate sections of items and rules have been prepared for Building Works, Mechanical and Electrical Installation Works, Utility Services Work, Landscaping Work. Contract Forms At present, the most monly used forms of contract in China are local forms of contract prepared on the basis on the Standard Form of Construction Contract issued jointly by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the Ministry of Construction in 1999, with modifications made to suit particular local market conditions and practices. There are however, some developers from overseas or Hong Kong who insist on using a modified version of the UK Joint Contract Tribunal Standard Forms or the Hong Kong Institute of Architects Form of Building Contract. Some major developers from Hong Kong or overseas have even drawn up their individual bespoke types of contract but their use is being limited since such forms are nonstandard and are not well known to the local industry. Also, there were cases that these custom made contracts forms are drafted up with a different approach of risk allocations from the China’s ‘Preferred’ practice and some of the terms were hence considered unfair terms not supported by the Government. Qualification Control Qualification control in China is a system under which a professional organization or a professional has to achieve a professional qualification or being registered in a recognized professional qualification system before it can carry out its professional services allowable under the Law.