微觀經濟學課件中英-資料下載頁

　　

【正文】 Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Economics relies on both positive and normative analysis. u Positive statements is an assertion about how the world “is”。 u normative statements is an assertion about how the world “ought to be”. u When economists make normative statements, they are acting more as policy advisors than scientists. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結 u 經濟學依賴實證分析和規范分析。 u 實證表述是關于世界 是什么 的論斷。 u 規范表述是關于世界 應該是什么 的論斷。 u 當經濟學家做規范性表述時，與其說其是科學家，不如說其是政策顧問。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Economists who advise policymakers may offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of differences in values u At other times, economists are united in the advice they offer, but policymakers may choose to ignore it. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結 u 給 政策制定者提供建議的經濟學家提出相互沖突的建議，這是因為科學判斷的不同，或者是價值觀的不同。 u 在 其他一些時候，經濟學家在他們提供的建議上相互一直，但是政策制訂者可能選擇不采納。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Graphical Review Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Government (41%) Other (4%) Individuals (23%) Private Insurers (32%) (a) Pie Chart Productivity Index (farm output per hour of labor, 1977 = 100) 100 80 60 40 20 0 160 120 140 (c) TimeSeries Graph 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1996 Value (in billions of dollars) General Electric ($126 billion) 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 $140 Exxon ($99 billion) (b) Bar Graph IBM ($68 billion) General Motors ($39 billion) Figure 2A1 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Grade Point Average 40 Study Time (hours per week) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Alfred E. (5, ) Albert E. (25, ) Figure 2A2 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Price of Novels 5 4 3 2 1 30 Quantity of Novels Purchased 6 7 8 9 10 $11 0 5 10 15 20 25 Demand, D 1 (5, $10) (9, $9) (13, $8) (17, $7) (21, $6) (25, $5) Figure 2A3 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Price of Novels 5 4 3 2 1 30 Quantity of Novels Purchased 6 7 8 9 10 $11 0 5 13 16 10 15 20 25 (13, $8) (16, $8) D 3 (ine = $20,000) D 1 (ine = $30,000) D 2 (ine = $40,000) (10, $8) When ine increases, the demand curve shifts to the right. When ine decreases, the demand curve shifts to the left. Figure 2A4 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Price of Novels 5 4 3 2 1 30 Quantity of Novels Purchased 6 7 8 9 10 $11 0 5 21 13 10 15 20 25 Demand, D 1 (13, $8) (21, $6) 6 2 8 5 2 2 21 2 13 5 8 Figure 2A5 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Risk of Cancer Number of Lighters in House 0 Figure 2A6 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2021 by Harcourt, Inc. Violent Crimes (per 1,000 people) Police Officers (per 1,000 people) 0 Figure 2A7