壓力容器的焊接工藝設計畢業論文-資料下載頁

　　

【正文】 the electrode wire or. Groove is onesided welding process of form of groove and welding process of both sides. Choose groove, except that the weld fully should also be considered welding process is convenient, the filler metal welding deformation quantity is little, small mouth and low processing cost.The two different thickness steel butt, to avoid to cause serious change sharply section stress concentration, the thick plate cutting edge gradually, to connect the two etc. The static strength and fatigue strength than other joints. In the alternative, shock, or in low pressure vessel in the work, often give priority to the docking joints welded.Lap joints of welding preparation work is simple, convenient, assembly welding deformation and residual stress on site installation, so smaller joints and not important structure often USES. Generally speaking, lap joints is not suitable for alternating load in corrosive medium, such as high and low temperatures under the working conditions.Using a tee and Angle joint structure is usually due to the need. Tee on the welding seam characteristics and the Angle of lap joint Angle of weld similar. When the vertical direction with external welding bee positive fillet weld seam, different surface shape can cause stress concentration, Welding the weld stress condition and joint Angle joint similar.Angle joint bearing capacity is low, generally not used alone, only in welding, or in the internal and external has improved fillet weld when used in closed form the corner of the structure.Welding products than riveting, castings and forgings for weight, it can reduce the transportation and energy savings. Good sealing, suitable for welding of manufacturing all kinds of containers. Joint development process, make welding and forging, casting, bining can be made into large economic and rational ZhuHan structure and forge welding structure, and the economic benefit is high. Using welding materials, effectively using juniorsenior welding structure can adopt different in different parts of the properties of materials, full of various materials, high quality, achieve economic specialty. Welding has bee an indispensable modern industry, but also an increasingly important processing methods.In the modern metal processing, welding, casting forging process is relatively late, but develop very quickly. The weight of the weld structure about 45% of steel production, aluminum and aluminum alloy welding structure and increase the proportion of.The future research on the welding technology, a new method to welding materials, welding equipment and to further improve the welding quality, safety and reliability, such as improving existing arc, plasma arc welding, laser beam, energy, Using electronic technology and control technology, improve the process performance, electric arc tracking method and reliable.On the other hand we should improve the welding automation level of mechanization and realization process control, such as welding machine, digital control, Research from the preparation and welding quality monitor all the special welding process automation, In automatic welding line, promotion, expand the nc welding and welding robot manipulator, can improve the welding production level, improve health and safety conditions of welding. 焊接工藝金屬焊接方法有40種以上，主要分為熔焊、壓焊和釬焊三大類。熔焊是在焊接過程中將工件接口加熱至熔化狀態，不加壓力完成焊接的方法。熔焊時，熱源將待焊兩工件接口處迅速加熱熔化，形成熔池。熔池隨熱源向前移動，冷卻后形成連續焊縫而將兩工件連接成為一體。在熔焊過程中，如果大氣與高溫的熔池直接接觸，大氣中的氧就會氧化金屬和各種合金元素。大氣中的氮、水蒸汽等進入熔池，還會在隨后冷卻過程中在焊縫中形成氣孔、夾渣、裂紋等缺陷，惡化焊縫的質量和性能。為了提高焊接質量，人們研究出了各種保護方法。例如，氣體保護電弧焊就是用氬、二氧化碳等氣體隔絕大氣，以保護焊接時的電弧和熔池率；又如鋼材焊接時，在焊條藥皮中加入對氧親和力大的鈦鐵粉進行脫氧，就可以保護焊條中有益元素錳、硅等免于氧化而進入熔池，冷卻后獲得優質焊縫。壓焊是在加壓條件下，使兩工件在固態下實現原子間結合，又稱固態焊接。常用的壓焊工藝是電阻對焊，當電流通過兩工件的連接端時，該處因電阻很大而溫度上升，當加熱至塑性狀態時，在軸向壓力作用下連接成為一體。各種壓焊方法的共同特點是在焊接過程中施加壓力而不加填充材料。多數壓焊方法如擴散焊、高頻焊、冷壓焊等都沒有熔化過程，因而沒有象熔焊那樣的有益合金元素燒損，和有害元素侵入焊縫的問題，從而簡化了焊接過程，也改善了焊接安全衛生條件。同時由于加熱溫度比熔焊低、加熱時間短，因而熱影響區小。許多難以用熔化焊焊接的材料，往往可以用壓焊焊成與母材同等強度的優質接頭。釬焊是使用比工件熔點低的金屬材料作釬料，將工件和釬料加熱到高于釬料熔點、低于工件熔點的溫度，利用液態釬料潤濕工件，填充接口間隙并與工件實現原子間的相互擴散，從而實現焊接的方法。焊接時形成的連接兩個被連接體的接縫稱為焊縫。焊縫的兩側在焊接時會受到焊接熱作用，而發生組織和性能變化，這一區域被稱為熱影響區。焊接時因工件材料焊接材料、焊接電流等不同，焊后在焊縫和熱影響區可能產生過熱、脆化、淬硬或軟化現象，也使焊件性能下降，惡化焊接性。這就需要調整焊接條件，焊前對焊件接口處預熱、焊時保溫和焊后熱處理可以改善焊件的焊接質量。另外，焊接是一個局部的迅速加熱和冷卻過程，焊接區由于受到四周工件本體的拘束而不能自由膨脹和收縮，冷卻后在焊件中便產生焊接應力和變形。重要產品焊后都需要消除焊接應力，矯正焊接變形?，F代焊接技術已能焊出無內外缺陷的、機械性能等于甚至高于被連接體的焊縫。被焊接體在空間的相互位置稱為焊接接頭，接頭處的強度除受焊縫質量影響外，還與其幾何形狀、尺寸、受力情況和工作條件等有關。接頭的基本形式有對接、搭接、丁字接(正交接)和角接等。對接接頭焊縫的橫截面形狀，決定于被焊接體在焊接前的厚度和兩接邊的坡口形式。焊接較厚的鋼板時，為了焊透而在接邊處開出各種形狀的坡口，以便較容易地送入焊條或焊絲。坡口形式有單面施焊的坡口和兩面施焊的坡口。選擇坡口形式時，除保證焊透外還應考慮施焊方便，填充金屬量少，焊接變形小和坡口加工費用低等因素。厚度不同的兩塊鋼板對接時，為避免截面急劇變化引起嚴重的應力集中，常把較厚的板邊逐漸削薄，達到兩接邊處等厚。對接接頭的靜強度和疲勞強度比其他接頭高。在交變、沖擊載荷下或在低溫高壓容器中工作的聯接，常優先采用對接接頭的焊接。搭接接頭的焊前準備工作簡單，裝配方便，焊接變形和殘余應力較小，因而在工地安裝接頭和不重要的結構上時常采用。一般來說，搭接接頭不適于在交變載荷、腐蝕介質、高溫或低溫等條件下工作。采用丁字接頭和角接頭通常是由于結構上的需要。丁字接頭上未焊透的角焊縫工作特點與搭接接頭的角焊縫相似。當焊縫與外力方向垂直時便成為正面角焊縫，這時焊縫表面形狀會引起不同程度的應力集中；焊透的角焊縫受力情況與對接接頭相似。角接頭承載能力低，一般不單獨使用，只有在焊透時，或在內外均有角焊縫時才有所改善，多用于封閉形結構的拐角處。焊接產品比鉚接件、鑄件和鍛件重量輕，對于交通運輸工具來說可以減輕自重，節約能量。焊接的密封性好，適于制造各類容器。發展聯合加工工藝，使焊接與鍛造、鑄造相結合，可以制成大型、經濟合理的鑄焊結構和鍛焊結構，經濟效益很高。采用焊接工藝能有效利用材料，焊接結構可以在不同部位采用不同性能的材料，充分發揮各種材料的特長，達到經濟、優質。焊接已成為現代工業中一種不可缺少，而且日益重要的加工工藝方法。在近代的金屬加工中，焊接比鑄造、鍛壓工藝發展較晚，但發展速度很快。焊接結構的重量約占鋼材產量的45%，鋁和鋁合金焊接結構的比重也不斷增加。未來的焊接工藝，一方面要研制新的焊接方法、焊接設備和焊接材料，以進一步提高焊接質量和安全可靠性，如改進現有電弧、等離子弧、電子束、激光等焊接能源；運用電子技術和控制技術，改善電弧的工藝性能，研制可靠輕巧的電弧跟蹤方法。另一方面要提高焊接機械化和自動化水平，如焊機實現程序控制、數字控制；研制從準備工序、焊接到質量監控全部過程自動化的專用焊機；在自動焊接生產線上，推廣、擴大數控的焊接機械手和焊接機器人，可以提高焊接生產水平，改善焊接衛生安全條件