外文翻譯---土耳其農村城鎮化進程中的環境問題(存儲版)

　　

【正文】 rialization. Although agriculture accounts for 40% of employment in Turkey, its share in overall ine has fallen progressively, declining from almost 50% of GNP in 1950 to 13% of GNP in 2022. The relatively poor showing of the agricultural sector reflected, in part, government policies that had made rapid industrialization a national priority. Additional factors such as advances in the transportation work have also contributed to these changes. Moreover, Turkish citizens who have lived in other countries generally prefer to live in cities after they return to Turkey. Turkey’s national policy towards urbanization and the environment has evolved during this period. There is a direct relationship between urbanization and environmental policy. Development of the necessary policies and legislation has a short history because attention towards 山東理工大學本科畢業論文 3 environmental problems is relatively new. The 1982 amendment to the Constitution directly addresses the environment. Article 56 says that everyone has a right to live in a healthy and balanced environment, and that it is the duty of the state and its citizens to improve the environment, protect environmental health, and prevent pollution. It affirms that the state directs urbanization within a planning framework that respects the dynamics of cities and environmental conditions. Article 23 limits the freedom of settlement to control urban expansion and promote healthy and reasonable urbanization. This article permits the development of specific laws to address development problems and to effectively manage migration from rural areas to cities. The Turkish Constitution provides a legal basis on which to develop sustainable environmental policy, and much legislation related to urbanization and the environment now exists (., the Environment Law, Forestry Law, Coast Law, Public Works Law). Turkey’s environmental policy is also strongly influenced by international mitments such as the European Landscape Agreement. As a member of supranational and regional anizations, Turkey has felt pressure to take measures to protect its environment, and has signed and ratified many environmental treaties since the bodies implement policies related to urbanization and environment. The involvement of NGOs in environmental issues has increased since the early 1990s, placing increasing pressure on central and local authorities for good governance. Turkey’s overall urbanization policy is presented in the periodic 5year development plans prepared by the State Planning Agency. Urbanization and environmental issues have been included in these plans since the early 1960s. Initial plans did not favor the limitless growth of cities, and promoted the concept of an optimum urban size based on the relationship between development and regional employment opportunities. Later plans (starting in the 1980s) regarded urban development as the oute of economic, social, and especially industrial development, and suggested that urbanization bee an economic stimulus. During this period, articles related to the environment were added to the constitution, and international agreements such as the Barcelona convention for the prevention of terrestrial pollution were signed. The Ministry of the Environment was established during this period. The main planning principles were to promote livable cities and meet the needs of urbanites rather than slowing the urbanization process. Plans created during this period assumed that urbanization was a natural and inevitable result of development and industrialization, and must be managed so as to protect the environment while still contributing to economic development. The development plans of the early 1990s acknowledged some problems related to urbanization, mainly in the area of land resources, infrastructure, housing, education, and health. Special emphasis was placed on the pletion of city plans and efficient supervision 山東理工大學本科畢業論文 4 of development of surrounding rural areas related to these plans. The dramatic migration to urban areas that occurred during this period was recognized, and policies were developed to reduce the rate of migration by the late 1990s. The plans of this period included the economic and physical aspects of urban development, but also the social, esthetic, cultural, and educational aspects. Even though Turkish law mandates the participation of interested groups in decisionmaking related to environmental issues, there have been limited examples of efficient public participation in the planning process because many citizens do not believe that their opinions will actually be considered by the authorities. Decisionmaking power for management and pl