外文翻譯---土耳其農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中的環(huán)境問題-文庫吧在線文庫

　　

【正文】 anning of urban and surrounding areas has shifted gradually from the central government to the local level since the 1980s. Unfortunately, local governments tend to prioritize economic goals over environmental goals during local development and land use planning. However, centralized decisionmaking still prevails in the rural landscape. This leaves inadequate space for local initiatives to protect the environment according to the needs of smaller munities. The lack of bureaucratic coordination between the local and central authorities and the lack of relevant and reliable data and analyses undermines management efforts, and there is often confusion over which institution is responsible for various decisions. Therefore, despite the existing body of favorable legislation and the existence of central and local institutions, the principles, rules, and regulations are in disarray, and the authority gap has yet to be filled for environmental issues. Wasilewski and Krukowski (2022) state that environmentally sound urban planning will only take place in the presence of mechanisms that safeguard environmental interests. Such mechanisms include a role for governments and programs to raise public awareness of the need to preserve valuable landscapes. In addition, collaboration between urban planners, landscape architects, ecologists, and other experts is limited because of a lack of appreciation for the benefits of multidisciplinary cooperation. Bureaucracy also plays a major role in undermining collaboration both among different professions and between government institutions. As a result of these problems, unsustainable development of the landscape matrix prevails, in the form of rapid, sprawling, and uncontrolled urbanization, leading to social and economic problems. Especially in recent years, the spread of mercial and residential uses of land from inner urban areas to surrounding areas has bee mon, as has the development of slums and a higher rate of population increase in the surrounding areas, where more land is available. A substantial amount of prime agricultural land is being transformed into different land uses, but local munities do not consider this withdrawal of land from agricultural production to be responsible for the loss of rural landscape. Although no official statistics exist on the rate of agricultural land conversion in Turkey, some 山東理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文 5 research reveals the general trend: urbanization occurs at the expense of agricultural land and decreases the per capita amount of arable land that remains. This can cause agricultural expansion into wetlands and other ecologically valuable areas or unsustainable intensification of agriculture to increase food production in the remaining land. Turkey’s national policy for agriculture is to develop an anized sector with a high petitiveness that holistically considers the economic, social, environmental, and international aspects of agriculture, within the framework of efficient resource use, to supply food to a growing population while ensuring food security. Major highlights of this policy include increased production levels and crop yield, increased agricultural ine, rural development, protection of natural resources, and sustainable agriculture. 3. Land Use Trends During Urbanization of the City of Aydin, Turkey Turkey has experienced rapid social, economic, and environmental change since 1980. The objective of economic growth without considering sustainability shows signs of causing serious changes in rural landscapes if measures are not taken soon to implement sustainable development. The 1980s and 1990s also witnessed a growing interest in environmental issues as a result of Turkey’s mitment to international treaties. The central decisionmaking process pertaining to the environment has greatly benefited from and been shaped by international environmental trends since Turkey signed and ratified many environmental treaties during the past several decades. Generating legislation is not sufficient to attain national environmental goals. The government must also ensure that the purpose of this legislation is met to ensure that the environment can withstand the negative effects of constantly changing and conflicting policies. The case study of the City of Aydin offers a good example of the impact of national policies on land use dynamics at local landscape scale. Landscape ecology is important for planning because it explicitly pays attention to spatial patterns and processes, offers theory and empirical evidence that help planners understand and pare different spatial configurations of land uses. This also predicts the ecological consequences of plans, allowing planners